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However, the use of photovoltaic (PV) modules with batteries to create a high-performance hybrid system with fixed and variable frequencies of supply power remains challenging, particularly in an off-grid water pumping system with limited power and water supplies.
During this period, the pump load power requirement is 8.07 kWh, while the net battery storage is 0.18 kWh. On a rainy day, except from 9:30 to 13:30, the PV modules cannot generate enough power to meet the pumping requirements. Therefore, the battery bank discharges the power of 1.88 kWh for the pump load demand of 5.94 kWh.
On a rainy day, except from 9:30 to 13:30, the PV modules cannot generate enough power to meet the pumping requirements. Therefore, the battery bank discharges the power of 1.88 kWh for the pump load demand of 5.94 kWh. It can be seen that PV power generation is same in PVB mode regardless of operating frequency.
Photovoltaic-battery water pumping systems (PVBWPSs) can provide fresh water and irrigation in off-grid areas. Previous research has focused on direct current (DC) voltage versus frequency to control the speed of a pump.
Under sunny, cloudy, and rainy conditions, the optimum frequencies are 48 Hz, 48 Hz, and 41 Hz, respectively, at which pumping water reaches maximums of 27.56 m 3, 17.63 m 3, and 3.27 m 3, respectively. The power generation of the PV system is 10.79 kWh, 8.25 kWh, and 4.06 kWh on sunny, cloudy and rainy days, respectively.
The power generation of the PV system is 10.79 kWh, 8.25 kWh, and 4.06 kWh on sunny, cloudy and rainy days, respectively. The used PV power is 8.28 kWh, 5.46 kWh, and 2.08 kWh in PVB mode at the fixed frequency, while the required PV power in the variable-frequency PVB mode is 9.58 kWh, 8.07 kWh and 4.06 kWh.
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The SR band of CdTe PV module is mainly concentrated in the short-wave range of 280–900 nm, with a response peak of 720 nm. The measured spectrum has an …
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